Tuesday, July 13, 2010

Information Processing Cycle

What is the information processing cycle? The sequence of events in processing information, which includes (1) input, (2) processing, (3) output and (4) storage



Input --> entering data into the computer.
Processing --> performing operations on the data.
Output --> presenting the results.
Storage --> saving data, programs, or output for future use.
1. INPUT

The collection of raw data from the outside world so it can be put into an information system. Putting the acquired data into the information system.
Typical input devices:

Keyboards, mice, flatbed scanners, bar code readers, joysticks, digital data tablets (for graphic drawing), electronic cash registers
2. PROCESSING
CPU Processor - Central Processing Unit

A central processing unit (CPU), or sometimes simply processor, is the key component in a digital computer capable of executing a program. It interprets computer program instructions and processes data. CPUs provide the fundamental digital computer trait of programmability, and are one of the necessary components found in computers of any era, along with memory and input/output facilities. A CPU that is manufactured as a single integrated circuit is usually known as a microprocessor. Beginning in the mid-1970s, microprocessors of ever-increasing complexity and power gradually supplanted other designs, and today the term "CPU" is usually applied to some type of microprocessor.
3. OUTPUT

In information processing, output is the process of transmitting the processing information
Essentially, output is the presentation of any data exiting a computer system. This could be in the form of printed paper, audio, video. In the medical industry this might include CT scans or x-rays. Typically in computing, data is entered through various forms (input) into a computer, the data is often manipulated, and then information is presented to a human (output).
Typical output devices:
Monitors,Printers
4. STORAGE

Storage, or mass storage refers to various techniques and devices for storing large amounts of data. The earliest storage devices were punched paper cards, which were used as early as 1804 to control silk-weaving looms. Modern mass storage devices include all types of disk drives and tape drives. Mass storage is distinct from memory, which refers to temporary storage areas within the computer. Unlike RAM memory, mass storage devices retain data even when the computer is turned off.
The smallest unit of storage is a file that contains such data as a resume, letter, budget, images or any one of the thousands of items that you may have saved for future reference. Additionally, files can be executable program files, or system files reserved for the operating system. Mass storage is measured in kilobytes (1,024 bytes), megabytes (1,024 kilobytes), gigabytes (1,024 megabytes) and terabytes (1,024 gigabytes).
Examples of some mass storage devices

Floppy Disks: Relatively slow and have a small capacity, but they are portable, inexpensive, and universal
Hard disks : Very fast and with more capacity than floppy disks, but also more expensive. Some hard disk systems are portable (removable cartridges), but most are not.

                                                                   

Wednesday, April 21, 2010

Motherboard

hey,meet me again!!..today,i learned about motherboard..oh, b4 i forget to mention,motherboard in malay is papan induk..well,that's what my teacher,miss hanie said..it's not ibu papan ok..huhu^^
so what's motherboard actually??
in the pictures below is the picture of a motherboard:



here's some information that i found in:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherboard

     A motherboard is the central printed circuit board (PCB) in many modern computers and holds many of the crucial components of the system, while providing connectors for other peripherals. The motherboard is sometimes alternatively known as the main board, system board, or, on Apple computers, the logic board.[1] It is also sometimes casually shortened to mobo.
     Most computer motherboards produced today are designed for IBM-compatible computers, which currently account for around 90% of global PC sales[citation needed]. A motherboard, like a backplane, provides the electrical connections by which the other components of the system communicate, but unlike a backplane, it also connects the central processing unit and hosts other subsystems and devices.

     A typical desktop computer has its microprocessor, main memory, and other essential components connected to the motherboard. Other components such as external storage, controllers for video display and sound, and peripheral devices may be attached to the motherboard as plug-in cards or via cables, although in modern computers it is increasingly common to integrate some of these peripherals into the motherboard itself.
     An important component of a motherboard is the microprocessor's supporting chipset, which provides the supporting interfaces between the CPU and the various buses and external components. This chipset determines, to an extent, the features and capabilities of the motherboard.


Modern motherboards include, at a minimum:
sockets (or slots) in which one or more microprocessors may be installed[3]
slots into which the system's main memory is to be installed (typically in the form of DIMM modules containing DRAM chips)
a chipset which forms an interface between the CPU's front-side bus, main memory, and peripheral buses
non-volatile memory chips (usually Flash ROM in modern motherboards) containing the system's firmware or BIOS
a clock generator which produces the system clock signal to synchronize the various components
slots for expansion cards (these interface to the system via the buses supported by the chipset)
power connectors, which receive electrical power from the computer power supply and distribute it to the CPU, chipset, main memory, and expansion cards.[4]
    

Monday, April 19, 2010

End of Exam!!

yosh...exam finally over...and,i got my ict marks today~~lol
i got an A for ict..well,better than PK1..quite good,
some of the questions are quiet easy..but i can't answer it properly...BAKA-me!!
hahhaha...of course.that's b'coz i don't even read anything before the exam..
but,luckily,i managed to answer it...yeay!!thnx god...
thnx to miss hanie for giving us some easy questions but not all of them is easy okay,some are hard too..
well,at least,easy and better than PK1....lol~(wink-wink)

Thursday, April 8, 2010

Output Devices

Output Devices
Output devices are things we use to get information OUT of a computer.
Here are some examples of output devices.
Monitor - A monitor is the screen on which words, numbers, and graphics can be seem.  The monitor is the most common output device.
Compact Disk - Some compact disks can be used to put information on.  This is called burning information to a CD. NOTE:  A CD can also be an input device.
Printer - A printer prints whatever is on the monitor onto paper.  Printers can print words, numbers, or pictures.
Speaker - A speaker gives you sound output from your computer.  Some speakers are built into the computer and some are separate.
Disk Drives - A disk drive is used to record information from the computer onto a floppy disk or CD.
Floppy Disk - A floppy disk is used to record information on.  The information is stored on the floppy disk and can be used later or used on another computer.
Headphones - Headphones give sound output from the computer.  They are similar to speakers, except they are worn on the ears so only one person can hear the output at a time.

EBCDIC Character Code

EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Information Code) is an eight-bit character set that was developed by International Business Machines (IBM). It was the character set used on most computers manufactured by IBM prior to 1981.
EBCDIC is not used on the IBM PC and all subsequent "PC clones". These computer systems use ASCII as the primary character and symbol coding system. (Computer makers other than IBM used the ASCII system since its inception in the 1960s.)
EBCDIC is widely considered to be an obsolete coding system, but is still used in some equipment, mainly in order to allow for continued use of software written many years ago that expects an EBCDIC communication environment.
The EBCDIC code assignments are shown in the following table.




Least Significant Bits
Most Sig. Bits \/


0
0000



1
0001



2
0010



3
0011



4
0100



5
0101



6
0110



7
0111



8
1000



9
1001



A
1010



B
1011



C
1100



D
1101



E
1110



F
1111



0
0000



NUL
(0)
00



SOH
(1)
01



STX
(2)
02



ETX
(3)
03



PF
(4)
04



HT
(5)
05



LC
(6)
06



DEL
(7)
07



GE
(8)
08



RLF
(9)
09



SMM
(10)
0A



VT
(11)
0B



FF
(12)
0C



CR
(13)
0D



SO
(14)
0E



SI
(15)
0F



1
0001



DLE
(16)
10



DC1
(17)
11



DC2
(18)
12



TM
(19)
13



RES
(20)
14



NL
(21)
15



BS
(22)
16



IL
(23)
17



CAN
(24)
18



EM
(25)
19



CC
(26)
1A



CUI
(27)
1B



IFS
(28)
1C



IGS
(29)
1D



IRS
(30)
1E



IUS
(31)
1F



2
0010



DS
(32)
20



SOS
(33)
21



FS
(34)
22



 
(35)
23



BYP
(36)
24



LF
(37)
25



ETB
(38)
26



ESC
(39)
27



 
(40)
28



 
(41)
29



SM
(42)
2A



CU2
(43)
2B



 
(44)
2C



ENQ
(45)
2D



ACK
(46)
2E



BEL
(47)
2F



3
0011



 
(48)
30



 
(49)
31



SYN
(50)
32



 
(51)
33



PN
(52)
34



RS
(53)
35



US
(54)
36



EOT
(55)
37



 
(56)
38



 
(57)
39



 
(58)
3A



CU3
(59)
3B



DC4
(60)
3C



NAK
(61)
3D



 
(62)
3E



SUB
(63)
3F



4
0100



SP
(64)
40



 
(65)
41



 
(66)
42



 
(67)
43



 
(68)
44



 
(69)
45



 
(70)
46



 
(71)
47



 
(72)
48



 
(73)
49



¢
(74)
4A



.
(75)
4B



<
(76)
4C



(
(77)
4D



+
(78)
4E



Note1
(79)
4F



5
0101



&
(80)
50



 
(81)
51



 
(82)
52



 
(83)
53



 
(84)
54



 
(85)
55



 
(86)
56



 
(87)
57



 
(88)
58



 
(89)
59



!
(90)
5A



$
(91)
5B



*
(92)
5C



)
(93)
5D



;
(94)
5E



¬
(95)
5F



6
0110



-
(96)
60



/
(97)
61



 
(98)
62



 
(99)
63



 
(100)
64



 
(101)
65



 
(102)
66



 
(103)
67



 
(104)
68



 
(105)
69



|
(106)
6A



,
(107)
6B



%
(108)
6C



_
(109)
6D



>
(110)
6E



?
(111)
6F



7
0111



 
(112)
70



 
(113)
71



 
(114)
72



 
(115)
73



 
(116)
74



 
(117)
75



 
(118)
76



 
(119)
77



 
(120)
78



`
(121)
79



:
(122)
7A



#
(123)
7B



@
(124)
7C



'
(125)
7D



=
(126)
7E



"
(127)
7F



8
1000



 
(128)
80



a
(129)
81



b
(130)
82



c
(131)
83



d
(132)
84



e
(133)
85



f
(134)
86



g
(135)
87



h
(136)
88



i
(137)
89



 
(138)
8A



 
(139)
8B



 
(140)
8C



 
(141)
8D



 
(142)
8E



 
(143)
8F



9
1001



 
(144)
90



j
(145)
91



k
(146)
92



l
(147)
93



m
(148)
94



n
(149)
95



o
(150)
96



p
(151)
97



q
(152)
98



r
(153)
99



 
(154)
9A



 
(155)
9B



 
(156)
9C



 
(157)
9D



 
(158)
9E



 
(159)
9F



A
1010



 
(160)
A0



~
(161)
A1



s
(162)
A2



t
(163)
A3



u
(164)
A4



v
(165)
A5



w
(166)
A6



x
(167)
A7



y
(168)
A8



z
(169)
A9



 
(170)
AA



 
(171)
AB



 
(172)
AC



 
(173)
AD



 
(174)
AE



 
(175)
AF



B
1011



 
(176)
B0



 
(177)
B1



 
(178)
B2



 
(179)
B3



 
(180)
B4



 
(181)
B5



 
(182)
B6



 
(183)
B7



 
(184)
B8



 
(185)
B9



 
(186)
BA



 
(187)
BB



 
(188)
BC



 
(189)
BD



 
(190)
BE



 
(191)
BF



C
1100



{
(192)
C0



A
(193)
C1



B
(194)
C2



C
(195)
C3



D
(196)
C4



E
(197)
C5



F
(198)
C6



G
(199)
C7



H
(200)
C8



I
(201)
C9



 
(202)
CA



 
(203)
CB



Note2
(204)
CC



 
(205)
CD



Note3
(206)
CE



 
(207)
CF



D
1101



}
(208)
D0



J
(209)
D1



K
(210)
D2



L
(211)
D3



M
(212)
D4



N
(213)
D5



O
(214)
D6



P
(215)
D7



Q
(216)
D8



R
(217)
D9



 
(218)
DA



 
(219)
DB



 
(220)
DC



 
(221)
DD



 
(222)
DE



 
(223)
DF



E
1110



\
(224)
E0



 
(225)
E1



S
(226)
E2



T
(227)
E3



U
(228)
E4



V
(229)
E5



W
(230)
E6



X
(231)
E7



Y
(232)
E8



Z
(233)
E9



 
(234)
EA



 
(235)
EB



Note4
(236)
EC



 
(237)
ED



 
(238)
EE



 
(239)
EF



F
1111



0
(240)
F0



1
(241)
F1



2
(242)
F2



3
(243)
F3



4
(244)
F4



5
(245)
F5



6
(246)
F6



7
(247)
F7



8
(248)
F8



9
(249)
F9



 
(250)
FA



 
(251)
FB



 
(252)
FC



 
(253)
FD



 
(254)
FE



 
(255)
FF
(Information on printing color tables on color printers can be found here.)Notes:
The following EBCDIC characters have no equivalents in the ASCII or ISO-8859 character sets used on the Internet, and cannot be displayed in this table.
(1) Code 79 is a solid vertical bar, similar to the broken vertical bar (character 106).
(2) Code 204 is the mathematics integration symbol.
(3) Code 206 is a "Y" drawn with only right angles.
(4) Code 236 is a horizontally-flipped "h".

In this table, the code or symbol name is shown on the first line, followed by the decimal value for that code or symbol, followed by the hexadecimal value. The binary value can be computed based on the row and column where the code or symbol resides, or directly from the hexadecimal value. For example, the character "+" has the binary value "0100 1110", with "0100" taken from the row and "1110" taken from the column. Similarly, the lowercase letter 'p' has the binary value "1001 0111".
The background color for each code or symbol indicates the category that the code resides in. Red indicates control (non-printable) codes. Orange indicates basic punctuation and symbols. Yellow indicates numeric digits. Green indicates the uppercase letters. Blue indicates lowercase letters. Purple indicates codes that have no assigned function or symbol in IBMs U.S. assignments. (Some of these values do have character assignments when using the T-11 or TN print chains or fonts. T-11 and TN are generally supersets of the standard EBCDIC shown above.)